Scientists create 3D map of universe
An international team of researchers has created the world's largest and most detailed 3D map of the universe – measuring the expansion of the cosmos over the past 11 billion years.
Dr Cullan Howlett from The University of Queensland helped develop pivotal software used for analysing data collected as part of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey, which last year released its first insights into dark energy, the mysterious force behind the universe’s expansion.
Key points:
- Galaxies and massive celestial objects have been mapped with unprecedented detail, creating the largest map of the universe ever constructed.
- UQ researchers developed the key software used for analysing and modelling remnant sound waves from the early universe.
- The information allowed researchers to study how the universe has evolved over time and measure the effect of dark energy.
Scientists have created the largest 3D map of our universe to date. Earth is at the centre of this thin slice of the full map and the magnified section shows the underlying structure of matter in our universe. Each dot is a different galaxy similar in size to our own Milky Way, Image: Claire Lamman/DESI collaboration; custom colormap package by cmastro
Scientists have created the largest 3D map of our universe to date. Earth is at the centre of this thin slice of the full map and the magnified section shows the underlying structure of matter in our universe. Each dot is a different galaxy similar in size to our own Milky Way, Image: Claire Lamman/DESI collaboration; custom colormap package by cmastro
Using the new data, the DESI collaboration has made the most precise measurements to date of how fast the universe has expanded throughout history.
“The team at UQ was responsible for developing one of the key pieces of software used for analysing the survey data, which helps search for a very specific feature in the map,” Dr Howlett said.
“The software models the size and shape of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) feature, a remnant of sound waves from the early universe.
“The BAO’s size acts as a standard ruler, and by comparing its size at different distances from earth to how big it should have been in the early universe, we can measure the expansion rate of the universe.
This animation shows how baryon acoustic oscillations act as a cosmic ruler for measuring the expansion of the universe. Credit: Claire Lamman/DESI collaboration and Jenny Nuss/Berkeley Lab
“This information allows us to peer 11 billion years into the past and study how the universe has evolved over time and measure the effects of matter and dark energy.”
The 3D map is comprised of the spatial coordinates and distances of millions of galaxies.
Researchers can measure the longitudinal and latitudinal position of each galaxy, as well as its unique light ‘fingerprint’ – observed by measuring the presence of chemical elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
“We decoded that fingerprint, identified the individual elements, and compared the measured frequencies to those in a lab on Earth to get the distance from us,” Dr Howlett said.
“Once we had millions of sky positions and distances, we put each galaxy at its location relative to earth and built a literal 3D map to analyse.”
This artist’s rendering shows light from quasars (a type of very bright and distant galaxy) passing through intergalactic clouds of hydrogen gas. Researchers can analyse the light to learn about distant cosmic structure. Image: NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. Marenfeld and DESI collaboration
This artist’s rendering shows light from quasars (a type of very bright and distant galaxy) passing through intergalactic clouds of hydrogen gas. Researchers can analyse the light to learn about distant cosmic structure. Image: NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. Marenfeld and DESI collaboration
Collaborator, Dr Ryan Turner from Swinburne University of Technology played a critical role developing statistical tools for measuring the motions of galaxies in the local universe.
Dr Turner developed software that can capture the information hidden in galaxy motions, to learn about the laws of gravity and calculate the rate at which the Universe’s largest structures form.
“This is like going from a hand-drawn map of the universe to a satellite image,” Dr Turner said.
“With our much more detailed map, we can picture a larger area and now have significantly more detail in those farther away places and a much more detailed understanding of the structure in our patch of the universe.
“DESI’s new data greatly surpasses all previous surveys of its kind, and with better maps comes better understanding of some of the universe’s most enduring questions.”
Dr Turner said there were also plenty of cosmic surprises to come.
“As the 3D map evolves with more data, we anticipate our understanding of cosmic structures, dark energy, and the fundamental laws governing our universe will continue to refine,” he said.
“But for now, we’ll continue to explore this map in search of more universal dark secrets.”
The DESI data is now available online.
Media: Dr Cullan Howlett, c.howlett@uq.edu.au, +61 420 776 717; Faculty of Science Media, science.media@uq.edu.au, +61 438 162 687; Dr Ryan Turner, rjturner@swin.edu.au, +61 413 112 218.
DESI is supported by the DOE Office of Science and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science user facility. Additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation; the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies of Mexico; the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain; and by the DESI member institutions.
The DESI collaboration is honoured to be permitted to conduct scientific research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O’odham Nation.
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